J. P. Gilliver (John) said:
[snip]
I have - supposedly - learned the Arabic alphabet, although
technically it's an abjad, not an alphabet
In this thread, wouldn't that be a phabet anyway (-:? I bet that word
has that origin!
I always thought it came from the Greek Alpha Beta.
(What's the difference between an abjad and an alphabet?)
Good question. I'd find a response to that interesting and worth
keeping in my "General: Language" folder.
"Alphabet" is from Greek Alpha-beta. "Abjad" is from Arabic
Alif-ba-jeem-dal. They are the first two letters of Greek and the first
four of Arabic respectively.
Linguists try desperately to distinguish the two but fail quite
miserably. It's probably down to a cultural reason why the Arabs didn't
like "alphabet" even though they praised the works of Aristotle to the
skies.
The Romans who gave us our "alphabet" praised the whole of Greek culture
to the skies; and they got their letters modified from Etruscan which
was modified from Greek.
Ironically all scripts mentioned so far trace back to Phoenician ones,
but have different evolutionary trees. The Arabic branch is more closely
related to the Hebrew and Aramaic one.
Ed
To go a step or two farther:
Alpha in fact comes from the Semitic alphabets that the Greeks borrowed.
In old Hebrew, aleph means ox, and the letter was a sort of pictograph
of an ox.
Phonetic (or phonetic-like) writing schemes come in three flavors,
alphabets, syllabaries, and abjads.
Alphabets have in principle a symbol for each consonant and each vowel,
and words are written as a sequence of such symbols. Speakers of French
and English know how that can get messed up, but that *is* the idea.
Syllabaries have s separate symbol for each possible syllable in a
language, such as Hiragana and Katakana in Japanese. This works well in
languages where syllables have a simple structure, such as Japanese,
where all syllables are of the one of the forms vowel alone, consonant +
vowel, or consonant + vowel + n.
Abjads are related to syllabaries, in that each letter basically
represents a syllable. Actually, each letter represents consonant +
vowel, where the vowel is indeterminate. So in Arabic, the b could
represent ba, bi, or bu. When necessary, the choice of vowel can be
represented by a mark under or above the letter. This works in the
Semitic languages, where the vowels vary as a word undergoes grammatical
and semantic modifications. Three of the consonants, w, y, and alif, are
also used to indicate lengthening of the vowels and to indicate
diphthongs. BTW, a vowel-only syllable is written with an alif, which is
considered a consonant.
One problem in Arabic is that the vowel marks are generally left out,
because if you know the language, you don't need them - the grammar
tells you what vowels go in each syllable. Someone like me is therefore
SOL when trying to read Arabic.
Since Hebrew is closely related to Arabic, most or all of what I wrote
above is true there too (including the SOL part) - except Hebrew has a
few more vowels than Arabic.